Topics regarding 44/20 GHz frequency-hopping communications standards for telemetry, tracking, and commanding (TT&C)

A variety of topics related to potential telemetry, tracking, and commanding (TT&C) operations with use of 44/20 GHz frequency-hopping spread spectrum TDM satellite communications waveforms are presented. Topics such as link closure to an omnidirectional antenna, propagation characteristics, ground antenna tracking, and range determination are reviewed. The results indicate that link closure between a ground station and a geosynchronous satellite is possible for certain low data rate modes. Resistance to jamming and scintillation will increase with use of the 44/20 GHz waveforms, but susceptibility to rain attenuation will also increase. The accuracy of range and range rate determination depends on the type of waveform in use.