Three-Dimensional Energetic Dynamic Model of the Tire-Soil Interaction

In the paper a three-dimensional dynamic model of the tire-soil interaction is presented. The power-oriented graphs (POG) technique is used for modelling the system. An important feature of the proposed model is the use of an elastic element for describing the interaction of the tire with the ground. The proposed model solve some particular limits of the Pacejka formulas. For example it can be used also when the car or wheel velocities are zero or when the vehicle is at rest on an inclined surface. Moreover, the skidding and the slipping phenomena that in the Pecejka's formulas are mixed, in the proposed model are kept separate so allowing a more direct correspondence of the model with the physical meaning of the described phenomena. The effectiveness of the proposed model has been tested in simulation on a four wheel car.