Lighting, grounding, and protection for distributed control and communications systems: a retrofit

Protection for installations that have been modernized or retrofitted presents a unique mix of problems that require a different perspective from a new installation. The authors discuss lightning, transients, and radiation that causes problems on programmable logic controllers distributed control systems, and remote electronic transducers. While complex grounding grids and networks are not required for analog systems, newer digital equipment requires a very effective means of maintaining equal potential throughout the facility. Methods of protecting circuits include a variety of sophisticated techniques. Special consideration must be given to the impact that towers have on a protection system. The investigation ranges from no air terminals to lightning arrays. The protection problem is compounded when different soils such as clay and rock are encountered. Methods of calculating the grounding circuit resistance are identified.<>