A wide-range logarithmic electrometer with improved accuracy and temperature stability

A seven-decade temperature-compensated logarithmic electrometer is presented. Temperature compensation is achieved by using an array of four matched monolithic bipolar transistors and straightforward postprocessing techniques. Use of this method results in <1% error over the temperature range of -18 to 71 degrees C for the upper five decades of current. Errors resulting from variable forward current emission coefficients of the logarithmic elements are eliminated. Problems associated with the temperature compensation of logarithmic amplifiers are identified and discussed. Conventional temperature-compensation techniques and associated errors are reviewed. The implementation of the new temperature-compensation technique is described and compared with conventional methods. Sources of errors are identified, and error minimization procedures are presented. Experimental results and data analysis illustrating the performance of the design are given.<>