Computer simulations of re-entrant crossed-field amplifiers

Two basic types of numerical simulation models have been developed for crossed-field amplifiers (CFAs). They are (1) moving window, single wavelength approximation codes and (2) full-format codes, which model the full interaction space. Both types of codes have been used to study reentrant (cylindrical format) tubes. The authors discuss the elements of these numerical models and the phenomena that can be studied with each. Examples of the codes' application to specific problems are presented.<>