Modelling of substations and overhead transmission lines for computer transient calculation

The elements in digital simulation of transients in electric power systems are modeled so that the results are as similar as possible to actual states. The model of the element depends on the frequency group of the transient. The following models are most suitable for the simulation of short circuits in overhead transmission lines and substations: for overhead transmission lines, a model with frequency-dependent parameters, for transformers, a model with matrices (R)-(L), which does not take saturation into account, and for busbars, a model with a pi-circuit.<>