System science models of software engineering

This paper presents a mathematical theory of system algebra and its applications in software engineering. A rigorous treatment of abstract systems is described, and the algebraic relations and operations of abstract systems are analyzed. The taxonomy of various real-world systems is derived. An important properly of system known as the system fusion effect is formally modeled. On the basis of the formal system theory, a wide range of software engineering phenomena can be explained and solved as system engineering problems.