Selected methods for validating computational electromagnetic modeling techniques

Various methods exist for effectively comparing multiple sets of electromagnetic observable data on a given problem for validation and verification (V&V) purposes. Oftentimes, the goal is to cross-validate measurements with computer simulations or compare the results of multiple simulation runs in order to gain insight about error mechanisms and their control so as to ensure consistency, accuracy as well as repeatability. These methods are used to determine the degree of convergence (joint agreement) of such data and to investigate where and why disagreements may arise. Recent work has led to the development of robust cross-validation methods that can be applied to electromagnetic observables acquired through measurement or simulation and across any independent variable. This paper briefly discusses several of these methods as applied to cross-validating results derived from multiple simulation-based techniques in which alternative physics formalisms and numerical solutions may be employed.