Distance protection and dynamic loading of transmission lines

Dynamic loading of transmission lines is becoming one of the tools that allows system operators to increase the loading of the transmission line when required by the system or the energy market. The paper discusses in detail the effect of dynamic loading on different types of distance relays. Advanced dynamic loading on different types of distance relays, microprocessor based relays offer a variety of different characteristics and functions that provide sufficient resistive reach to cover the expected range of fault arc resistances, while at the same time are not affected by encroachment of the load impedance in the distance characteristic.