Wheeler's law and related issues in integrated antennas

The paper presents limits and constraints on how an integrated antenna in a mobile device can be treated. Starting with Wheeler's law, we explore its limitations and propose some new definitions or, as we call them, metrics. This is supported by simulations and examples. We show the current distributions and radiation patterns of an antenna mounted on a full-size board at the resonant frequencies of 1 GHz and 2.45 GHz. We also show the current distributions for antennas mounted on shortened circuit boards at 1 GHz.