Integral equation-based coupled electromagnetic-circuit simulation in the frequency domain

In this paper, an approach to couple electromagnetic surface integral equations and circuit simulation is presented. Terminals are defined that connect lumped circuit models to objects modeled with distributed electromagnetic simulation. A modified form of the charge-current continuity equation is proposed for connectivity at terminals. The resulting scheme enables simultaneous solution of electromagnetic integral equations for arbitrarily-shaped objects and SPICE-like modeling for lumped circuits, and permits design iterations and visualization of the interaction between the two domains.