Resilient networks with non-simple p-cycles

The protection of network elements is investigated with non-simple p-cycles. Four types of non-simple cycles are presented. The characteristics of non-simple cycles are discussed, with the presentation of the basic examples when there is an advantage compared to the protection of elementary cycles only. A combined mathematical formulation for the routing and p-cycle optimization process is developed, and the results are compared to protect a pan-European network with elementary cycles and non-simple cycles.