A monolithic 12-bit D/A converter

MANY MONOIJTHIC D/A converter circuits have been developed and reported in the literature”2. However, the accuracy of the conventional implementations is ultimately limited by the degree to which the elements of the precision resistor ladder networks can be matched. To achieve the accuracy required for 10- and 1.2-bit converters it is common practice to use active laser trimming of thin-film resistor or laser cutting of metal links to produce discrete correctional currents.