Advancements in Temperature Sensing Technologies for Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicle Thermal Management Systems: A Comprehensive Review

Recently, the growing popularity of electric vehicles (EVs) has drawn attention to the significance of adequate battery thermal management systems (BTMS) for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which play a critical role in providing safety, performance, and longevity. However, due to the recent incidents of EV explosions caused by the thermal runaway of LIBs, a solid BTMS is designed to face these expected challenges to ensure battery safety. Temperature sensors are one of the most critical components of BTMS to ensure the efficient and safe operation of the battery system. An adequate temperature sensing system ensures the optimal thermal condition of the batteries, providing a faster time response and greater accuracy to detect abnormalities and non-homogeneous temperature variations. This prevents overheating and ensures an ideal working temperature for safe operation. This study provides a comprehensive review of temperaturesensing technologies, including direct and indirect techniques. The study introduces the working principle of each sensor and its application in BTMS. Additionally, the current work discusses the temperature range, accuracy, data filtration, and data transmission of each sensor. Moreover, the study reviews the temperature sensing location either on the battery surface or inside the battery cell. Lastly, the review describes the challenges and prospects of research ideas for utilizing these temperature sensors to contribute to the development of safer and more efficient BTMS.