Ionospheric Corrections for HF Line-of-Sight Satellite Observations at Solar Minimum

As the near-Earth space domain becomes increasingly congested, the field of space domain awareness (SDA) has risen in importance and motivated the use of nontraditional sensors. One such class of sensor is high frequency (HF) radars operating in line-of-sight (LOS) mode. HF signals are, however, subject to ray bending and group retardation when propagating through the ionosphere. We have demonstrated a method for performing ionospheric corrections for HF LOS satellite observations, allowing for improved measurements of satellite position and speed, which can assist with improving the accuracy of object tracking.