Generic Models of Aggregate Heat Pump Load with Parameter Dependencies on External Temperature, Supply Voltage and User-Set Operating Point

The rapid adoption of heat pumps (HPs) is driven by energy efficiency measures, decarbonization targets and various subsidies. For example, heating demand accounts for nearly a half of the total energy consumption in the UK, and a large-scale deployment of HPs, which may amount to a GW-scale demand in the near future, will present a range of challenges for grid operation. While there is a relatively large number of models of individual HPs, or a smaller number of specific HP installations, the aggregate models of HP load are lacking in existing literature. This paper presents models of aggregate HP load with parameters depending on external temperature, supply voltage conditions and user-set operating point. The main types of HP technologies are identified from both manufacturer databases and field trials, while typical thermal properties of the UK building stock are identified from related surveys. The model is illustrated on the examples of a house with an individual HP, and an aggregate 10,000 HPs load.