Survey on the Integration of Communication, Sensing, and Computing Power for Low-Altitude UAVs

This paper presents a comprehensive survey on the integration of sensing, communication, and computing (ISCC) for low-altitude unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), a critical enabler for the emerging low-altitude economy. As UAVs transition from isolated data collection nodes to intelligent aerial agents, ISCC architectures are essential to address challenges such as limited endurance, environmental complexity, and heterogeneous task demands. The paper systematically reviews hierarchical ISCC frameworks—including fusion, edge-cloud collaboration, digital twin-driven, AI-empowered, and hierarchical models— highlighting their design principles and application scenarios. Furthermore, it explores key enabling technologies such as integrated waveform design, dynamic beamforming, cooperative interference management, and multi-UAV resource allocation. The study also identifies open issues in spectrum efficiency, latency-constrained computing, and adaptive task orchestration, proposing future directions towards 6G-native, highly autonomous ISCC systems. These findings aim to provide a roadmap for developing UAV systems capable of supporting large-scale, intelligent low-altitude operations.