Sensor-Driven Smart Irrigation System for Water Management

Efficient and sustainable water management is essential for modern agriculture to mitigate challenges related to water scarcity and energy consumption. This paper presents a solar-powered Automatic Irrigation System designed to optimize water usage while minimizing reliance on conventional energy sources. The system integrates a capacitive soil moisture sensor and an ultrasonic distance sensor to automate irrigation control and monitor water levels in the storage tank. During testing, the system activated the water pump and green LED when the soil moisture reading exceeded 200, indicating adequate soil hydration. When the moisture level fell below 200, the pump was deactivated and a red LED was triggered, effectively preventing overwatering. Similarly, the ultrasonic sensor continuously monitored the tank water level, activating a red LED when the distance was less than 10 cm to indicate low water level, and a green LED when above 10 cm, ensuring timely refilling. The system operates entirely on solar energy, eliminating the need for grid power and making it suitable for remote or off-grid agricultural areas. Observations confirm the system's reliability in automating irrigation based on real-time sensor inputs. This intelligent, energy-efficient, and scalable solution supports precision farming, promotes water conservation, and advances sustainable agricultural practices.