A Digitally Programmable 9.1–11.2 GHz CMOS LC-PLL with Integrated Power Management for X-Band FMCW Radar Systems

This paper introduces a CMOS LC-PLL tailored for X-band radar applications, specifically targeting TX/LO signal generation and frequency conversion. The proposed design addresses critical challenges such as phase noise, spurious emissions, and temperature-dependent frequency stability, offering a robust and integrated solution. Key features include a fully integrated low-noise low drop-out regulator (LDO) with a band-gap reference (BGR) for efficient power management, ensuring stable operation under varying conditions. Fabricated in 65nm CMOS technology, the LC-PLL operates at a center frequency of 10.3 GHz, with a wide tuning range of 9.1–11.2 GHz, making it versatile for diverse radar applications. The design achieves a phase noise of -95.12 dBc/Hz at a 1 MHz offset, demonstrating excellent spectral purity. With a power consumption of 6.8 mW from a 1.0–1.2 V supply and a maximum output power of -4 dBm, the proposed solution combines high performance with energy efficiency, making it well-suited for modern X-band radar systems.