An Educational Dual-Axis Solar Tracker for Varying and PV Module Sizes using Perturb and Observe (P&O) Algorithm

Solar energy is one of the most exciting renewable energy sources, but its efficiency depends heavily on the alignment of photovoltaic (PV) modules with the sun. The currently presented work is an educational dual axis solar tracker to orient the PV module based on real time solar positioning in order to yield maximum sunlight for harvesting energy. Variable size PV modules are supported, and the system integrates a Perturb and Observe (P&O) Algorithm to boost the output energy potential of PV modules subjected to environmental changes. Overall, the tracker features a dual-axis movement system available in azimuth and elevation so that solar irradiance can be maximized as much as possible during the day. This system is implemented based on microcontroller IPv6 automation, applying light sensors along with real-time data recording and processing to maintain precise sun navigation. These specificities make it well suited for educational and experimental applications, due to its ability to adapt to different PV module sizes, thus providing a flexible platform for learning and optimization of harvesting techniques. Experimental results suggest that the energy yield of the proposed system is substantially higher than fixed-angle PV systems, confirming the developed prototype as a valuable instrument for both academic investigation and practical realization in small-scale solar power plants.