scGraphDap: Integrating Functional State Pseudo-labels and Graph Structure Learning for Robust Cell Type Annotation in Tumor Microenvironments

The tumor microenvironment is a dynamic eco system where cellular interactions drive cancer progression. However, inferring cell-cell communication from non-spatial scRNA-seq data remains challenging due to incomplete li gand-receptor databases and noisy cell type annotations. H ere, we propose scGraphDap, a graph neural network frame work that integrates functional state pseudo-labels and graph structure learning to improve both cell type annotation an d CCC inference. By leveraging pathway activity scores (e. g., angiogenesis, apoptosis) as pseudo-labels, scGraphDap optimizes cell-cell graphs to capture functional proximity be yond geometric similarity. Furthermore, a graph domain adaptation module aligns cell embeddings across patients, enhancing cross-individual generalization. Evaluated on 38,667 cells from 15 patients across three cancers, scGraphDap ac hieved an average accuracy of 82.82%. Statistical validation confirmed its ability to recover disease-specific gene interactions (e.g., STAT3-CD274 in breast invasive carcinoma) without prior knowledge. The source code and data used in this paper can be found in https://github.com/LiYuechao1998/sc GraphDap. Our work provides a unified framework for TME analysis, offering insights into therapeutic target discovery.