Electromagnetic Techniques and Systems for Noninvasive Skin Cancer Detection and Classification: Current Status and Future Perspectives

Skin cancer is the leading type of cancer in many nations. Traditional detection methods rely on visual inspection, which is inherently subjective and can result in unnecessary biopsies due to overdiagnosis or delayed intervention from underdiagnosis. Consequently, there is significant research toward building objective, noninvasive diagnostic methods. A critical area of study is the utilization of different electromagnetic (EM) spectrum bands, investigating approaches that incorporate either spectroscopy or imaging to detect and classify skin lesions. Given that biological tissues exhibit distinct EM signatures at varying frequencies, a comprehensive understanding of the theoretical foundations and pros and cons of these detection methods is crucial. This knowledge will guide the research community in selecting appropriate avenues for further investigation. This article delves into the current and emerging EM methodologies and systems for noninvasive skin cancer detection and classification.