A Computation-Quantized Training Framework to Generate Accuracy Lossless QNNs for One-Shot Deployment in Embedded Systems

Quantized Neural Networks (QNNs) have received increasing attention, since they can enrich intelligent applications deployed on embedded devices with limited resources, such as mobile devices and AIoT systems. Unfortunately, the numerical and computational discrepancies between training systems (i.e., servers) and deployment systems (e.g., embedded ends) may lead to large accuracy drop for QNNs in real deployments. We propose a Computation-Quantized Training Framework (CQTF), which simulates deployment-time fixed-point computation during training to enable one-shot, lossless deployment. The training procedure of CQTF is built upon a well-formulated quantization-specific numerical representation that quantifies both numerical and computational discrepancies between training and deployment. Leveraging this representation, forward propagation executes all computations in quantization mode to simulate deployment-time inference, while backward propagation identifies and mitigates gradient vanishing through an efficient floating-point gradient update scheme. Benchmark-based experiments demonstrate the efficiency of our approach, which can achieve no accuracy loss from training to deployment. Compared with existing five frameworks, the deployed accuracy of CQTF can be improved by up to 18.41%.