Beyond Passwords: The Essence and Impact of Multi-Factor Authentication in Cybersecurity

Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) is a sensitive security mechanism that protects user information and data. However, attackers have developed new techniques to break the wall of MFA, leading to significant security measures. This survey flashes several MFA bypass attacks which include the flow of vulnerabilities attacks, Man-In-The-Middle (MITM), data theft, and weaknesses in the distribution of One-Time Password (OTP). In addition to this, third-party dominant risks and cancelable biometrics challenge the MFA securities. To counter these threats, advanced security measures must be implemented. Phishing-resistant MFA methods, such as FIDO2 hardware keys, passkeys, and biometric authentication, help reduce credential theft and unauthorized access. End-to-End OTP encryption and token-binding approaches improve authentication of security and prevent session hijacking. Along with it, decentralized identity management reduces reliance on third- party providers, ensuring better credential security. Enhanced cancelable biometrics and user awareness training also play a vital role in reducing MFA based cyber threats. In addition, this paper relies on Adaptive Artificial Intelligence (AI) to mitigate the threats.