Automated container vessel docking: From Anchorage to Dock

Maritime transport remains the backbone of global trade, handling approximately 80% of total trade volume. As technological advancements continue to reshape logistics and supply chain operations, automation has emerged as a transformative force in the maritime sector. This paper explores the feasibility and implications of full automation in maritime freight transport, with a specific focus on automated berthing and unberthing of vessels. Drawing insights from the EU-funded AutoMoTIF project, it examines the benefits, challenges, and technological gaps associated with automation in port operations. Through an in-depth analysis of a use case, the paper identifies key operational, safety, environmental, and cybersecurity considerations, highlighting the role of digital twins as a critical enabler for seamless integration. The findings contribute to the ongoing discussion on maritime automation, highlighting the necessity of overcoming interoperability issues, regulatory hurdles, and workforce adaptation challenges to achieve a fully autonomous maritime transport system.