Early Streamer Emission Lightning Protection Systems: Global Views Revisited

Early Streamer Emission (ESE) technology has been widely debated in scientific circles for decades. While proponents of ESE technology claim superior performance over conventional Franklin rod systems, these assertions remain largely unsubstantiated by rigorous scientific validation. This paper provides a comprehensive review of global perspectives on ESE technology, revisiting critical analyses conducted by researchers and international standards committees. The study systematically examines both experimental and theoretical investigations into the claimed efficiency of ESE devices, highlighting inconsistencies in test methodologies and the absence of empirical evidence supporting their enhanced lightning interception capabilities. A key focus of this work is the impacts on lightning safety measures associated with ESE systems, particularly in regions where such devices have been widely deployed. Case studies and independent research findings reveal significant concerns regarding the physical plausibility of artificially triggering an early streamer under natural lightning conditions. Theoretical models, including those based on leader propagation dynamics, demonstrate that the fundamental assumptions underlying ESE technology are inconsistent with established principles of atmospheric physics and high-voltage engineering. Furthermore, this paper explores the position of international standards organizations, such as the IEC and NFPA, which have refrained from endorsing ESE technology due to the lack of scientifically verifiable data. Despite the critical tone of existing literature, this study remains impartial, evaluating all available evidence without bias toward any particular lightning protection methodology. The discussion ultimately underscores the necessity for rigorous, peer-reviewed research before non-conventional lightning protection technologies can be considered viable alternatives to conventional systems.