End-of-Life of Photovoltaic Used as Building Material: From Waste to Resource

The increasing adoption of photovoltaic technology as a renewable energy source represents a crucial step in the energy transition and the reduction of buildings' environmental impact. This study examines the role of Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) as a key technology for enhancing the energy performance of urban environment, both as an energy efficiency measure in building retrofits and as a sustainable solution for new constructions. Emphasis is placed on the challenges associated with the End-of-Life (EoL) management of BIPV modules. By analyzing data on the annual BIPV capacity installed in Europe between 2007 and 2023, the volume of waste generated by BIPV modules expected by 2050 has been estimated. Projections suggest that approximately 660.000 tons of BIPV modules will reach the end of their life in the coming decades, highlighting the urgency of developing and implementing effective sustainable strategies. The data analysis indicates that the current linear management model, based on the production, use, and disposal of modules, must evolve towards a more circular approach. This entails a revision of design processes, focusing on more durable, easy-to-disassemble and recyclable BIPV systems, as well as the optimization of EoL material and component recovery processes. This work provides an in-depth overview of the challenges and opportunities related to the life cycle management of BIPV modules, aiming to raise awareness of the importance of adopting sustainable EoL management practices. The work offers valuable insights and recommendations for advancing research and for the industrial sector, supporting the transition towards low-carbon cities and reinforcing the long-term sustainability of the BIPV sector.