Neuro-Headstage with On-Chip Machine Learning and Wireless Charging for Closed-Loop Neurobiological Applications

This paper presents a novel wireless electrooptic headstage for long-term, autonomous neurobiological experiments. The system features a custom mixed-signal SoC, fabricated in $0.13-\mu \mathrm{m}$ CMOS technology, and enables lowlatency closed-loop neural stimulation ($\leq 0.6 ~\text{ms}$) triggered by complex neural firing patterns. A wireless inductive power link supports continuous operation in freely moving models without frequent recharging. At its core, the Adaptive Autonomous Neural Integrated Circuit (AANIC) provides dual site optogenetic stimulation and multi-unit electrophysiology recording (10 channels), allowing simultaneous stimulation and recording across brain regions. The system offers a tunable bandwidth $(1-6500 ~\text{Hz})$ and high-fidelity signal processing, achieving an ENOB of 8.68 with a Delta-Sigma converter at an OSR of 25. In vivo tests demonstrate successful seizure suppression in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy via closed-loop activation of ChR2-expressing inhibitory interneurons. In addition, wireless charging functionality was validated in freely moving mice, marking a step toward chronic studies.