Opportunities and Challenges of 3D Cellular Coverage for Drones Using 5G, 6G and Integrated Sensing and Communication

Ubiquitous connectivity is a key goal for the upcoming 6G network. Current efforts have concentrated on enhancing connectivity in underserved rural areas and over ocean surfaces using satellite technology. Additionally, with the explosive rise of drone usage, initiatives have begun to expand cellular coverage vertically, bridging the gap between ground and airspace, a recent trend that started with 5G. This shift presents new business opportunities for both 5G and 6G; however, skepticism persists due to unmet expectations surrounding 5G and the historical slow rollouts of drone-based services, such as Amazon's unsuccessful drone delivery operations. Currently, most advancements are taking place in China, while global operators monitor these developments closely, ready to act once tangible signs of success emerge. This article aims to provide an overview of the technical progress made in China and explore the business potential of this emerging direction. Given the skepticism surrounding the feasibility of this approach, the analysis will focus on realistic cost estimates and the scarce real-world trial data that are essential for informed decision-making. It will also address key factors critical to success, including viable business models, revenue potential, and regulatory challenges, alongside the technical developments. By offering a comprehensive analysis that goes beyond technological innovations, this article seeks to emphasize the potential of this initiative and encourage international collaboration in tackling the unresolved business and technical challenges ahead.