Steering into Danger: Security Vulnerabilities in Steer-by-Wire and Steering Wheel-Less Vehicles

Steer-by-Wire (SbW) systems revolutionize automotive technology by eliminating the mechanical linkage between the steering wheel and tires, enhancing design flexibility and performance, especially in autonomous vehicles. However, this reliance on sensors and electronic data channels introduces critical security vulnerabilities. Exposed sensor locations in modern vehicles increase susceptibility to cyberattacks and physical interference, yet prior research has largely overlooked SbW-specific threats, particularly position encoders. This paper is the first to experimentally analyze SbW security vulnerabilities, presenting a novel attack methodology that disrupts SbW sensors. Our findings demonstrate how these vulnerabilities can compromise steering operations, posing severe risks to vehicle dynamics and occupant safety. As autonomous vehicles eliminate manual intervention, addressing these security risks becomes urgent. This study lays a foundation for developing more resilient SbW systems, ensuring safer and more secure automotive technologies.