From Static Records to Smart Passports: Evolving Digital Product Passports Toward Product-Service System Integration

The Digital Product Passport (DPP) has emerged as a transformative enabler for the circular economy, sustainability, and regulatory compliance across supply chains. While recent advancements have focused on improving traceability, standardization, and lifecycle data aggregation, most existing systems remain static and product-centric. In this work, we do a comprehensive state-of-the-art review of current DPP frameworks, technologies, and research trends, drawing from literature and EU research and innovation projects. We identify limitations in current architectures with respect to service integration, real-time data synchronization, modularity, and stakeholder trust. As a response, we introduce DPSSP4.0, a novel architecture for dynamic, decentralized, and service-aware Digital Product-Service System Passports (DPSSPs). The proposal builds upon the Asset Administration Shell (AAS) standard and incorporates microservices, semantic data spaces, and certification layers to ensure extensibility, interoperability, and trust. This positions DPSSP4.0 as a forward-looking enabler of Smart Product-Service Systems in the Industry 4.0 era.