Metallic Oxide Pigments Analysis Applied in Painting Techniques

This study explores the application of metallic oxide pigments in watercolor painting, focusing on the dispersion behavior and aesthetic performance of pigments such as nickel oxide (NiO), zinc oxide (ZnO), and cobalt oxide (Co₂O₃). Ten different pigment formulations were prepared using varying ratios of demineralized water, surfactant (Tween 80), and binder (Arabic gum), and were applied on watercolor paper to evaluate their visual and technical characteristics. The results highlight the critical role of gum arabic in achieving uniform, well-adhered layers and the importance of maintaining a balanced ratio between pigment, liquid, and dispersing agents. Samples containing both surfactant and binder exhibited improved homogeneity, color intensity, and stability. In contrast, samples lacking binder showed weak dispersion and poor fixation. The study identifies optimal formulations and offers practical recommendations for future research and artistic applications involving metal oxide-based watercolors.