Development of IoT Based Smart Crop and Pest Management System for Sustainable Smart Farming

India suffers significant economic losses each year as a result of insects. The agriculture industry suffers enormous losses as a result of a secret swarm of insects that progressively harm plants. However, if farmers are unable to detect these insects in their early stages, they may use pesticides and insecticides without realizing their presence. This could therefore worsen the state of the economy. The design and development of an Internet of Things (IoT) based smart crop and pest management system is presented in this work. It includes an Arduino microcontroller, a GSM module, a fire sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, and a soil-moisture sensor. An ultrasonic sensor can detect insect sounds by listening for ultrasonic signals generated during insect feeding on crops. Once the existence of insects has been confirmed by an ultrasonic sensor, the farmer can next administer pesticides or insecticides according to the crop type. A GSM module will send a message alerting the farmer to the presence of insects. A fire sensor's primary function is to detect and respond to flames or fires. The level of soil moisture in the active root zone is measured by the soil moisture sensor (SMS), a sensor that is connected to the irrigation system controller. The GSM module will also be used to relay a message informing the farmer of the crops' soil-moisture condition. Besides helping farmers, this research increases agricultural productivity