Enhancing System of Systems Orchestration with Artificial Intelligence

In many areas, independent and heterogeneous systems collaborate towards a common goal, and their assembly is referred to as a System of Systems (SoS). The mediating actors that orchestrate the SoS are frequently used to enhance collaboration. They support onboarding new constituent systems, monitoring and capability identification, goal transformation, workflow composition and execution, world modelling, data curation, and interoperability translation, as well as ensuring security and data privacy. With recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), there is potential to improve orchestration, management, and overall performance. Thus, SoS is transitioning towards an enhanced, intelligent System of Systems (iSoS). This paper explores the opportunities and challenges of enhancing intelligent governance. Industrial and academic experts on SoS and AI have systematically analysed the potential and challenges for AI-based enhancement in each orchestration role. These contributions indicate the most promising areas for improvement, primarily in terms of more efficient and effective functionality and adaptability to changing circumstances.