The Determinants of Two-Wheeled Vehicle Riders’ Riding Behavior and Their Consequences: A Literature Review, Conceptual E-TPB Model, and Research Agenda

Human error, particularly risky riding behaviour, dominates the causes of 30% of the global fatalities involving two-wheeled vehicles such as bicycles, motorcycles, e-bikes and e-scooters. Previous review studies failed to develop an extension of the theory of Planned behaviour to investigate two-wheeler riders’ risk-taking behaviour on the road and overlook the environment, such road conditions, and vehicle-relevant factors that lead to risk behaviours. The current studies focus on cyclists, motorcyclists and e-bike and e-scooter riders to explore the underlying mechanisms of riding behaviours. This review used riding behaviour keywords to filter existing studies in the Web of Science to provide better insights into the complex dynamics of two-wheeled vehicle riders’ behaviours. Riding simulator, observation, naturalistic riding, interview, and questionnaire methods can be recombined in the study on two-wheeler riders’ riding behaviour. Moral norm is a significant predictor of intention. Younger and lower-income two-wheeler riders were more inclined to engage in risky riding behaviours, while marital status, experience, and education factors have varying influences under cultural content differences. This paper develops additional factors such as environment, vehicle usage, and vehicle control beliefs from selected papers’ findings, and incorporates other factors and these novel variables into the TPB. The research agenda is demonstrated to conduct the conceptual E-TPB model. The environment-vehicle-human E-TPB model highlights the psychological and non-psychological factors influencing rider behaviours. This paper bridges the gaps between under-explored factors for data collection and data processing methods. This study provides a unique perspective for improving road safety and a theoretical contribution.