A Novel Energy Model for Optimizing Energy Efficiency and Prolonging Network Lifetime in MANET

Mobile ad-hoc networks are functional for usage, which require inter-node contact, including disaster relief, protection, and combat spotting. These networks face critical challenges, including rapid energy consumption in battery-limited devices and random topological changes resulting from node mobility, which lead to communication instability and packet loss. These factors reduce network efficiency and shorten lifespan, particularly in mission-critical applications such as environmental monitoring or military operations. This research addresses the imbalance in energy consumption caused by a node failure that acts as a relay node. It presents the Replacing Relay Nodes to Prolong Lifetime and improve Energy Efficiency (RePLEE) model. Comprehensive simulations conducted in NS-2 reveal that RePLEE significantly improves performance compared to standard AODV and enhanced EEAODV protocols. Specifically, RePLEE achieves a 13% reduction in energy consumption, a 61% decrease in packet loss, and a 26% reduction in end-to-end delay relative to AODV. Additionally, it extends network lifetime by 49% over AODV and by 26% over EEAODV. RePLEE also demonstrates superior scalability by maintaining high packet delivery ratios and lower control overhead across varying node densities. These results confirm the effectiveness of RePLEE in addressing the limitations of traditional protocols by enhancing energy efficiency, prolonging operational lifespan, and ensuring stable connectivity in MANET environments.