Innovative Deep Learning Approaches for Early Detection and Classification of Brain Tumors: A Comprehensive Review

The increasing frequency of brain tumors requires innovative diagnostic techniques to enable early detection and effective treatment. This necessity is underscored by alarming statistics indicating that brain tumors are among the leading causes of cancer mortality globally. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), brain tumors account for approximately $76 \%$ of all deaths related to central nervous system cancers, emphasizing the critical importance of timely and accurate diagnostic methods. This review paper comprehensively analyzes the advancements in Deep Learning (DL) for detecting and classifying brain tumors. With the increasing prevalence of brain tumors and their significant impact on patient health, there is a pressing need for accurate and efficient diagnostic methods. The paper discusses various DL architectures focusing on studies published between 2020 and 2023, including Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), 3D Convolutional Neural Networks (3DCNNs), and ensemble learning approaches, which have shown promising results in enhancing segmentation accuracy and tumor classification. Critical methodologies such as transfer learning, data augmentation, and feature extraction are explored, highlighting their effectiveness in addressing data scarcity and training time challenges. The review also examines the performance evaluation metrics used to validate these models, showcasing their accuracy, precision, and recall rates across different datasets. Through synthesizing contemporary research findings, this paper endeavors to elucidate the transformative potential of DL in diagnosing brain tumors. It highlights existing challenges within the field and proposes future research directions that could pave the way for developing more robust and efficient diagnostic systems. Ultimately, these advancements aim to enhance patient outcomes significantly.