A Comprehensive Multi-Layered Cybersecurity Framework for Internet of Vehicles: Securing Vulnerable Nodes of V2X Communication Systems

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) represents a transformative advancement in intelligent transportation systems, enabling multi-node networks to exchange critical information in an open, wireless environment. However, the proliferation of IoV and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication systems introduces significant cybersecurity challenges across all the network layers. These issues, if exploited, can compromise the vehicle safety, the user privacy, and the integrity of transportation networks. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of multi-layer IoV security, it addresses vulnerabilities in weak nodes and proposes robust mitigation strategies to safeguard intelligent transportation infrastructures.