In-Sensor Computing With 2-D Semiconductor Optoelectronics: A Review

Traditional computing systems based on the von Neumann architecture face inherent limitations due to the physical separation of sensing, computing, and storage functions, resulting in high data transmission latency and energy consumption. In-sensor computing devices address these challenges by integrating sensing and computing functionalities within a single unit, enabling efficient data processing. Two-dimensional semiconductors, with their atomic-scale thickness, tunable band structure, and exceptional optoelectronic properties, have emerged as promising building blocks for next-generation in-sensor computing devices. While previous reviews have explored various aspects of 2-D semiconductor-based in-sensor computing, the interplay between the intrinsic properties of 2-D semiconductors, their device-level operating mechanisms, and practical applications remain underexplored in an integrated manner. This review presents a comprehensive analysis that brings these interconnected elements together, offering a cohesive framework for the design and optimization of miniaturized, high-performance, and energy-efficient devices. We highlight advancements in 2-D semiconductor-based in-sensor computing devices, focusing on material diversity, tunable photoresponsivity, device architectures, and operational mechanisms. In addition, we examine their promising applications in artificial vision and optoelectronic communication. Finally, we discuss existing challenges and outline strategic directions to unlock the transformative applications of 2-D semiconductor-based optoelectronic devices in intelligent systems and beyond.