Load Frequency Control for Integrated Electrical-Water System Considering Water Hammer Effect

Demand response (DR) is a valuable tool in load frequency control (LFC) of power systems, especially in improving the system’s regulating capacity. The pumps, with their rapid response capabilities, can be effectively utilized as a DR resource to further enhance LFC performance. However, improper adjustment of pumps will cause the accumulation of pressure pulsations throughout the water distribution system (WDS), resulting in the water hammer effect. To address this issue, this paper introduces a water hammer feedback loop in LFC with DR to balance the power system stability as well as WDS operational safety. With the wave tracking method (WTM), the proposed LFC method enables efficient modeling of the hydrodynamic process with low computational complexity and acceptable accuracy. A model predictive control (MPC) based optimal control algorithm is also developed to adjust the pumps and generation units. Case studies demonstrate that the proposed model exhibits significant improvement on the performance of pressure pulsation regulation. Results also show the enhanced stability and effective pressure fluctuation mitigation in the electric-water coordinated control.