A Comprehensive Review of Battery Energy Storage Systems for Grid Stability and Renewable Integration: A Focus on Lithium-Ion's Grid Batteries in Thailand

The adoption of renewable energy sources is increasingly important for mitigating climate change. However, their intermittent nature poses challenges for grid stability. Battery energy storage systems (BESS) address this by storing excess energy and releasing it when needed, thereby balancing supply and demand, integrating renewables, and improving grid resilience. This paper reviews BESS technologies, focusing on lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries and vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB), highlighting their characteristics, advantages, and limitations. VRFB are emerging as a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to their safety and environmental benefits. The paper also examines Li-ion BESS projects in Thailand, showcasing their role in enhancing power reliability and integrating renewable energy. Economic evaluations, such as net present value (NPV), are explored as crucial in BESS decision-making. Future BESS installations in Thailand may consider integrating VRFB to evaluate their efficiency and performance compared to existing Li-ion systems.