Outdoor-to-Indoor (O2I) Propagation Loss Model Based on the New Parameter: Compound Power (CP)

In this work, we propose a novel outdoor-to-Indoor (O2I) propagation loss model centered on the novel compound power (CP) parameter, which encapsulates the combined effects of diffraction, reflection, and penetration, specifically in non-line-of-sight (NLoS) environments. The model is rigorously developed through analytical derivations and experimentally validated using a unique measurement setup, proving that the inclusion of clutter, such as nearby large structures, has a substantial impact on building entry loss (BEL). By accurately accounting for both the building and its surrounding environment, the model significantly improves indoor power predictions, offering a comprehensive approach to O2I propagation in real-world, cluttered environments.