Advanced Modeling of Sodium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles: Enabling Wireless Communication and Intelligent Transportation Systems

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as a viable substitute for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles (EVs) due to the growing need for sustainable energy solutions. A comprehensive modeling framework for SIBs designed especially for electric vehicle applications is presented in this paper, with a focus on how these batteries integrate with wireless communication and intelligent transportation systems (ITS). The thermal and electrochemical models of SIBs, their possible use in vehicle-to-everything (V2X) systems, and the wireless state-of-charge (SoC) monitoring via real-time communication protocols are investigated. Simulation results demonstrated the efficiency of SIBs in vehicular applications, their compatibility with wireless data transfer protocols, and their contribution to energy optimization in ITS. The paper concludes with insights into the future of SIBs in EVs and wireless transportation ecosystems.