A Comprehensive Review of Sn-Based Perovskite Solar Cell: Structure, Optical Properties, Design and Stability

Perovskite SCs (PSCs) have gained considerable interest in progressive years due to their rapidly advancing power conversion efficiency (PCE), simple solution-based fabrication methods, lightweight and flexible designs, and versatility for wearable technologies and ultra-lightweight space applications. Their cost-effectiveness, stemming from the use of inexpensive materials, further enhances their appeal. Since their initial efficiency of 3.8% in 2009, PSCs have achieved a remarkable efficiency exceeding 25%, reflecting a growth of over 550%. Although efforts to enhance the stability of PSCs are reinforcing their potential for widespread adoption, concerns regarding lead toxicity have driven the pursuit of safer alternatives. Among these, Sn-based perovskites have emerged as a promising candidate. This article delves into the fundamental properties, operation mechanisms, and stability of Sn-based perovskites, highlighting their potential as a lead-free solution.