Recent Advances in Next Generation Cellular Mobile Networks-5G, 5G-Adv., and 6G

The evolution of cellular network standards has significantly transformed the way technology is perceived and utilized. Over the years, advancements in wireless communication have reshaped how people connect, communicate, and access information globally. The fifth-generation (5G) standard has introduced groundbreaking enhancements in wireless technology, including Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) supporting ultra-fast speeds and high-capacity data transfer, Massive Machine-Type Communication (mMTC) enabling seamless connectivity for billions of IoT devices, and Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (uRLLC) providing near-instantaneous responsiveness with high reliability. With peak data rates of 20 Gbps and latency as low as 1ms, 5G leverages mmWave frequency spectrum to ensure high-speed, low-latency communication. It plays a critical role in enabling the Internet of Things (IoT) and is paving the way for the Internet of Everything (IoE) -a concept that envisions seamless connectivity between people, devices, and the smart environments. The sixth-generation (6G) network promises faster speeds, greater spectrum efficiency, and enhanced reliability. It aims to deliver 1 Terabit-per-second (Tbps) data rates and 100-microsecond (µs) latency to support Extended Reality (XR) applications, including Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR). Beyond 90 GHz to 300 GHz spectrum is utilized to achieve ultra-high-speed wireless transmission in 6G. The AI-driven network intelligence allowing the creation of digital twin, a virtual replicas of physical entities transforming the network into an extension of human cognition, akin to a "sixth sense" brain network. The Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) featuring Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites enhances connectivity for in-flight and onboard ship networks, as well as rural and remote areas. To achieve ubiquitous connectivity and seamless global coverage, 6G will integrate terrestrial, airborne, and satellite networks into a unified wireless ecosystem. This holistic approach will bridge the digital divide, enhance smart applications, and redefine how humans, physical environments, and virtual worlds interact. Ultimately, 6G will revolutionize human life by enabling intelligent, immersive, and seamless communication experiences that blur the boundaries between the physical and digital realms.