A Novel Power and Area Efficient Digital Beamformer Architecture Using Bit-Stream Processing with MASH ΔΣ Modulators

The evolution of 5G and beyond wireless networks has intensified the demand for millimeter-wave technology to support high-throughput applications. This paper introduces a novel energy-efficient digital beamforming receiver architecture that integrates multi-stage noise-shaping (MASH) delta-sigma modulators (DSMs) with bit-stream processing (BSP), effectively addressing the significant propagation losses and dynamic electromagnetic interference associated with millimeter-wave (mm-wave) systems. The novel architecture achieves enhanced dynamic range without increasing signal bit-width, thereby ensuring low power consumption and a compact design. Unlike traditional analog and hybrid beamforming methods, the proposed approach utilizes digital-domain processing for precise beamforming, simplified local oscillator networks, and improved integration. System-level simulations with a 9-antenna beamforming receiver array demonstrate the architecture's capability for accurate beamforming across angles from 30° to 150° and effective dual-target detection. Furthermore, the P2S-BSP architecture reduces digital circuitry area by 50% compared to previous implementations while maintaining energy efficiency. These advancements highlight the proposed architecture as a scalable solution for future mm-wave applications, including intelligent transportation systems, radar, and high-density mobile networks.