Protocol Development for Efficient Data Routing in a Terrestrial Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) play a key role in a variety of applications including environmental monitoring, precision agriculture, and industrial automation. Efficient data routing in WSN is crucial for optimizing energy consumption, extending network lifetime, and ensuring reliable communication, but remains a critical issue in wireless sensor networks due to their resource constraints. This paper proposes a novel routing protocol, KmHNNSP (K-means Hopfield Neural Network for Shortest Path), which combines a K-means clustering algorithm and a shortest path algorithm for energy-efficient data transmission using a Hopfield neural network. Simulation results are presented to compare the performance of KmHNNSP with LEACH and improved LEACH (ILEACH) protocols and show that KmHNNSP significantly outperforms both protocols in terms of network lifetime and energy consumption.