throttLL’eM: Predictive GPU Throttling for Energy Efficient LLM Inference Serving

As Large Language Models (LLMs) gain traction, their reliance on power-hungry GPUs places ever-increasing energy demands, raising environmental and monetary concerns. Inference dominates LLM workloads, presenting a critical challenge for providers: minimizing energy costs under Service-Level Objectives (SLOs) that ensure optimal user experience. In this paper, we present throttLL’eM, a framework that reduces energy consumption while meeting SLOs through the use of instance and GPU frequency scaling. throttLL’eM features mechanisms that project future Key-Value (KV) cache usage and batch size. Leveraging a Machine-Learning (ML) model that receives these projections as inputs, throttLL’eM manages performance at the iteration level to satisfy SLOs with reduced frequencies and instance sizes. We show that the proposed ML model achieves $R^{2}$ scores greater than 0.97 and miss-predicts performance by less than 1 iteration per second on average. Experimental results on LLM inference traces show that throttLL’eM achieves up to $\mathbf{4 3. 8 \%}$ lower energy consumption and an energy efficiency improvement of at least $1.71 \times$ under SLOs, when compared to NVIDIA’s Triton server. throttLL’eM is publicly available at https://github.com/WilliamBlaskowicz/throttLL-eM.