Technical Features and Coverage Performance Simulation of Low-Earth Orbit Mega-Constellation

This paper investigates the constituent elements, characteristics, and development status of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Mega-Constellations. It also analyzes their global coverage performance through simulations using the Systems Tool Kit (STK). The study begins with an overview of the fundamental components of LEO Mega-Constellations, including orbital parameters, frequency bands, and service types, and assesses their impact on system performance. Following this, the paper reviews prominent LEO Mega-Constellation proj ects, such as Starlink, OneWeb, Kuiper, and GW, highlighting their technological advancements, operational models, and market impacts. The global coverage capabilities of these constellations are then evaluated through STK simulations to determine their effectiveness across various application scenarios. The findings indicate that LEO Mega-Constellations offer substantial global coverage benefits but also encounter challenges such as orbital congestion and spectrum management. This paper provides valuable insights for the future development of LEO Mega- Constellations and offers recommendations for optimizing related technologies.