Monitoring of Shoreline Based on Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) Algorithm in North Coast of Bekasi, West Java, Indonesia

The objective is to determine shoreline changes in the coastal areas of the north coast of Bekasi, West Java, Indonesia using the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) technique on Landsat Satellite Imagery. The shoreline derived from water index is obtained using Landsat time series from Google Earth Engine (GEE) includes Landsat 5 TM (1985, 1990, and 1995), Landsat 7 ETM+ (2000, 2005, and 2010), and Landsat OLI/TIRS (2015, 2020, and 2023). The water index utilizes surface reflectance instead of top-of-atmosphere reflectance obtained from the blue and shortwave infrared (SWIR 2) Landsat bands. The results show shoreline changes in the coastal area of the north coast of Bekasi, West Java, Indonesia due to abrasion and erosion at certain sites along throughout time.